Art and Design students and sleep

I thought this was interesting... haha

http://media.www.alestlelive.com/media/storage/paper351/news/2002/01/15/Lifestyles/Students.Suffer.From.Late.Nights.Little.Sleep-163972.shtml

1970's

1970's

The 1970's continued as the 1960's had thrived, with imbelished and extravagant type until the middle of the decade with the birth of punk. Punk rejected the elaborate for shock value.

The 1970's also marked the formation of the ITC or International Typeface Corporation of New York. The ITC distributes rights to types of typographers. The ITC encouraged the advancement in typefaces.

Michael Neugebauer of Austrailia created cirkulus, a type face known for its circles and extending and descending lines.

Computers became more involved in photocompositions. The ability to design on the computer became more possible.

Question : Cirkulus was known for what characteristics?

Definitions!

Absolute measurements- measurements of fixed values
Relative measurements- measurements linked to type size
Points- unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font
Picas- unit of measurement equal to 12 pts
x-height- the height of the lowercase 'x', relative to typface
The em- the relative unit of measurement in typesettin to define basic spacing functions
The en- the relative unit of measurement equal to half of one em
Dashes (hyphen, en, em)- specific pieces of punctuation, an en=1/2em, hyphen=1/3em
Alignments:
Justifcation- uses three values for type setting: minimum, maximum and optimum
Flush Left- text aligned to left margin
Flush Right-text alined to right margin
Letterspacing- adds space between letterforms to open up text
Kerning-removal of space between characters
Tracking- affects the amount of spacing between characters
Word Spacing- adjusts the amount of space between words
Widow- a lone word at the end of a paragraph
Orphan- the final one or two lines of a paragraph seperated from the main paragraph
Leading- space between lines of text in a text block
Indent-line/s of text shifted left or right
Fist Line Indent- text is indented from the left margin in the first line of paragraphs
Hanging Indent- indentation affecting several lines of text except the first line

Typography in Graffiti

http://www.graffiti.org/

Thought this website was really interesting... Lots of pics of art in type across the world...

Who is Adrian Frutiger

Adrian Frutiger, the famous type designer born in 1928, has greatly influenced the world of typography. Growing up in switzerland, Frutiger worked as a printing aprentice until he began his education in Zurich in graphic design, and illustration. After leaving Zurich Frutiger headed to paris for work, where he began to design his own types. Frutiger was known for fonts type faces such as, President, Univers, Apolla, and serifa. Frutiger is also known for his many books on type including, Type, Sign, Symbol, The International Type Book, and The Univers.
Frutiger prided himself on the legibility of his type, and that pride yielded memorable fonts that are used widely today. At the close of his typography career, Frutiger has generated 170 type faces.

Frutiger's Univers contains even stroke weights and high x-heights for readability. Though orginally only 21 varieties were in circulation, an aditional six have been submited. Univers is unique for its diversity and legibility at distances. Univers is commonly found on large signs though can also be applied to small text sizes. Due to the great variety of Univers varieties a grid structure was created to organize them. The center features the basic font numbered 55. To the left the one unit lower and one unit higher to the right with broadening and nowering characters. Although units vary the stroke width is always the same thickness. Upwards the faces increase a tenth and downwards decrease while maintaining equal stroke width. Odd numbered face mark upright faces and even oblique faces. This grid method brought a sense of organization to typography that had yet to have been seen.

http://www.magtypo.cz/buxus/generate_page.php?page_id=345

http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/adrian-frutiger-1928.shtml

http://typophile.com/node/12118

Who is John Baskerville

Born in 1706, John Baskerville led his life in a constant quest for the perfection of his art, print. Baskerville can been seen as a jack of all trades in the printing spectra with abilities ranging from stone cutting to writting. In 1750 Baskerville started a small printing shop in the United Kingdom, with money he had saved. Baskerville spent seven years attempting to print his first book, and in the meantime completely revolutionized the printing process. His hard work produced the Baskerville font known today.

Baskerville was never truly rewarded for his long work, and even had to ask for a subsidy to stay afloat. Books made by Baskerville are recognized by their large size, wide margins and quality paper and ink. Baskerville type, which was printed on glossed paper, appeared very bold due to his very black ink. Baskerville was appointed the printer of the University of Cambrige and printed works such as, Horace, the Bible, and Virgil. Baskerville was criticized during his time for his typography, but discovery of his types in the early 20th century have brought his work back to print as a type that is easy on the eyes for continuous reading.

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0806405.html

http://www.stormtype.com/people.php?id=3

http://www.myfonts.com/person/baskerville/john/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55215/John-Baskerville#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=John%20Baskerville%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia

The GRID

With the endless number of typographical solutions to compositions, its no wonder why the use of a grid was developed. Grids work to break up space into units to arrange content. The term skeleton, seems to describe the grid most accurately. The grid acts as a skeleton to give shape to a composition, to be the base of which all elements are derived. Yet the grid can and should be broken if needed. When grids are used consistantaly throughout a piece of literature, they give the piece support which allows the viewer to fall into a pattern of readable text. The pattern developed makes reading more comfortable and less of a challenge. Just as if you were to remove the skeleton of a human, removing the grid from a compostion can destroy a compostion. Designers should always make use of the grid yet if needed BREAK it.