Questions

1) margin- The white spaces around text blocks. Margins typically need to be created on the edges of a page, since most printers can't print to the very edge. White space also makes a document look better and easier to read.

column-vertical area in which type is set. Typically newspapers and magazines are set in columns.

alley- the space between columns within a page.

module-the crossing of a column and row, that comprised a page.

gutter- double-sided documents, the combination of the inside margins of facing pages; the gutter should be wide enough to accommodate binding. 

folio-a page number, often set with running headers or footers.

2)The advantages of a multiple column grid, is that it provides a clear sense of organization on a page, the columns can act as good spacing for text blocks, a sense of predictability and clarity is established.

3)Originally typewriters required two spaces after periods, which transfered into the teaching of typing on computers, but MAC is not a typewriter and two spaces aren't needed.

4) character-any letter, figure, punctuation, symbol or space

5) 40 characters per line or 12 words are optimal for each line of text.

6) A typographic river is the unplanned, visually unappealing, lining up of spaces between words in a paragraph.

7) clothes line is the strong horizontal pull in a layout that creates a foundation.  Bodies of text and callouts generally do not cross it but can.

8) White space or negative space is critical aspect of any layout.  This space created between bodies of text creates a flow, an shape that must be harnessed.  

9) type color- balance of black and white on the page or screen  

10)  X-height- is the height of the lowercase x in a typeface.  so the higher the  height the more whitespace and the less "type color"

11) tracking is used to reduce space uniformly between all characters in a line. 

12) kerning-to squeeze together characters, for a better fit of strokes and white space. In display type, characters almost need to be kerned because the white space between characters at large sizes is more noticeable.
kerning pairs ex. WA, VA, ry, AC, FA, Ro, and OA.

13) justifying blocks of test require that the computer choose the space between letters.  Optimum, maximum, and minimum are the amount of space used.

14) An en space i optimal for word spacing.

15) An indentation of the first line of a paragraph, indicates a new paragraph.  Two em spaces are sufficient.

16) - A hyphen for hyphenating words or line breaks.

- no more than two hyphenations in a row
- Avoid too many hyphenations in any paragraph
- Don't hyphenate a heading
17) A ligature replaces two or three characters, such as fl fi

18)RGB is red, green, blue color selection

- CMYK is cyan, magenta, yellow, and black color selection
19)  Is when punctuation is allowed to extend outside of the column for visual appeal.

20) foot marks are straight, while apostrophe's and quotations are upside down columns that inclose text.

21) -an em is the relative measure space of the typeface's letter m,

-an en is half of an em used 

-a hypen is a third of an em used to join words

22)  widow is the lone word at the end of a paragraph that falls on the last line.  An orphan is the last two to three lines of a paragraph that are separated from the rest of the text.